In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities
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Kumar, Prashant, Hama, Sarkawt, Nogueira, Thiago, Abbass, Rana Alaa, Brand, Veronika S., de Fatima Andrade, Maria, Asfaw, Araya, Aziz, Kosar Hama, Cao, Shi-Jie, El-Gendy, Ahmed , Islam, Shariful, Jeba, Farah, Khare, Mukesh, Mamuya, Simon Henry, Martinez, Jenny, Meng, Ming-Rui, Morawska, Lidia, Muula, Adamson S., S M, Shiva Nagendra, Ngowi, Aiwerasia Vera, Omer, Khalid, Olaya, Yris, Osano, Philip and Salam, Abdus (2020) In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities Science of The Total Environment, 141395.
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In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities - AAM.pdf - Accepted version Manuscript Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (8MB) | Preview |
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141395
Abstract
Cars are a commuting lifeline worldwide, despite contributing significantly to air pollution. This is the first global assessment on air pollution exposure in cars across ten cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Guangzhou (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Blantyre (Malawi); and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania). Portable laser particle counters were used to develop a proxy of car-user exposure profiles and analyse the factors affecting particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine fraction) and ≤10 μm (PM2.5–10; coarse fraction). Measurements were carried out during morning, off- and evening-peak hours under windows-open and windows-closed (fan-on and recirculation) conditions on predefined routes. For all cities, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were highest during windows-open, followed by fan-on and recirculation. Compared with recirculation, PM2.5 and PM10 were higher by up to 589% (Blantyre) and 1020% (São Paulo), during windows-open and higher by up to 385% (São Paulo) and 390% (São Paulo) during fan-on, respectively. Coarse particles dominated the PM fraction during windows-open while fine particles dominated during fan-on and recirculation, indicating filter effectiveness in removing coarse particles and a need for filters that limit the ingress of fine particles. Spatial variation analysis during windows-open showed that pollution hotspots make up to a third of the total route-length. PM2.5 exposure for windows-open during off-peak hours was 91% and 40% less than morning and evening peak hours, respectively. Across cities, determinants of relatively high personal exposure doses included lower car speeds, temporally longer journeys, and higher in-car concentrations. It was also concluded that car-users in the least affluent cities experienced disproportionately higher in-car PM2.5 exposures. Cities were classified into three groups according to low, intermediate and high levels of PM exposure to car commuters, allowing to draw similarities and highlight best practices.
| Item Type: | Article | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Divisions : | Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences > Civil and Environmental Engineering | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Date : | 1 August 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Funders : | University of Surrey, Research England, Institute of Advanced Studies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DOI : | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141395 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grant Title : | Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright Disclaimer : | © 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uncontrolled Keywords : | Particulate matter; Transport mode; Commuters exposure; Developing countries; Exposure mitigation; CArE-Cities Project | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depositing User : | Clive Harris | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Date Deposited : | 03 Aug 2020 17:16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last Modified : | 03 Aug 2020 17:16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| URI: | http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/id/eprint/858349 |
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