Water temperature significantly impacts the formation of iodinated haloacetamides during persulfate oxidation

Chu, W, Hu, J, Bond, Thomas, Naiyun, G, Bin, X and Yin, D (2016) Water temperature significantly impacts the formation of iodinated haloacetamides during persulfate oxidation Water Research, 98. pp. 47-55.

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Abstract

The use of persulfate oxidation processes is receiving increasing interest for the removal of aquatic contaminants. However, it is unknown whether its application in the presence of iodide has the potential to directly form iodinated DBPs. This study investigated formation of six chlorinated, brominated and iodinated di-haloacetamides (DHAcAms) during persulfate oxidation in the presence of bromide and iodide. Formation of the same DHAcAms during chlorination was monitored for comparison. Persulfate oxidation of natural water formed diiodoacetamide (DIAcAm), and heat-activated persulfate, at 45 °C and 55 °C, generated bromoiodoacetamide (BIAcAm) and dibromoacetamide (DBAcAm), besides DIAcAm. At an ambient iodide concentration of 0.3 μM, total DHAcAms increased slightly from 0.43 to 0.57 nM as the water temperature increased from 4 °C to 35 °C, respectively (only DIAcAm detected), then significantly increased to 1.6 nM at 55 °C (DIAcAm, BIAcAm and DBAcAm detected). Equivalent total DHAcAm concentrations in the presence of 3.0 μM iodide were 0.5, 0.91 and 2.1 nM, respectively. Total DHAcAms formed during chlorination, predominantly dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and bromochloroacetamide (BCAcAm), were always significantly higher than that during persulfate oxidation. However, an integrated risk assessment showed the toxicity resulting from the DHAcAms was higher during persulfate oxidation than chlorination. An increase in water temperature from 25 °C to 55 °C significantly increased the integrated toxic risk values for both persulfate oxidation and chlorination. Use of persulfate oxidation should be weighed against the formation of high-toxicity iodinated HAcAms in waters with high ambient iodide concentrations.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects :	Civil & Environmental Engineering
Divisions :	Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences > Civil and Environmental Engineering
Authors :	Name Email ORCID Chu, W Hu, J Bond, Thomas t.bond@surrey.ac.uk Naiyun, G Bin, X Yin, D
Date :	4 April 2016
Identification Number :	10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.002
Copyright Disclaimer :	© 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Uncontrolled Keywords :	Nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs); Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs); Haloacetamides (HAcAms); Persulfate; Drinking water; Advanced oxidation
Depositing User :	Symplectic Elements
Date Deposited :	14 Mar 2017 17:24
Last Modified :	31 Oct 2017 19:12
URI:	http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/id/eprint/813775

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