Exposure to air pollutants during commuting in London: are there inequalities among different socio-economic groups?

Rivas, I, Kumar, Prashant and Hagen-Zanker, Alex (2017) Exposure to air pollutants during commuting in London: are there inequalities among different socio-economic groups? Environment International, 101. pp. 143-157.

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Abstract

People with low-income often experience higher exposures to air pollutants. We compared the exposure to particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), Black Carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (PNC; 0.02-1 µm) for typical commutes by car, bus and underground from 4 London areas with different levels of income deprivation (G1 to G4, from most to least deprived). The highest BC and PM concentrations were found in G1 while the highest PNC in G3. Lowest concentrations for all pollutants were observed in G2. We found no systematic relationship between income deprivation and pollutant concentrations, suggesting that differences between transport modes are a stronger influence. The underground showed the highest PM concentrations, followed by buses and a much lower concentrations in cars. BC concentrations in the underground were overestimated due to Fe interference. BC concentrations were also higher in buses than cars because of a lower infiltration of outside pollutants into the car cabin. PNCs were highest in buses, closely followed by cars, but lowest in underground due to the absence of combustion sources. Concentration in the road modes (car and bus) were governed by the traffic conditions (such as traffic flow interruptions) at the specific road section. Exposures were reduced in trains with non-openable windows compared to those with openable windows. People from lower income deprivation areas have a predominant use of car, receiving the lowest doses (RDD<1 µg h-1) during commute but generating the largest emissions per commuter. Conversely, commuters from higher income deprivation areas have a major reliance on the bus, receiving higher exposures (RDD between 1.52-3.49 µg h-1) while generating less emissions per person. These findings suggest an aspect of environmental injustice and a need to incorporate the socioeconomic dimension in life-course exposure assessments.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects :	Civil Environmental Engineering
Divisions :	Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences > Civil and Environmental Engineering
Authors :	Name Email ORCID Rivas, I UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Kumar, Prashant P.Kumar@surrey.ac.uk UNSPECIFIED Hagen-Zanker, Alex a.hagen-zanker@surrey.ac.uk UNSPECIFIED
Date :	8 February 2017
Identification Number :	10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.019
Copyright Disclaimer :	© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Uncontrolled Keywords :	Personal exposure; Environmental Justice; Travel mode; Particulate matter; Ultrafine particles; Black Carbon
Related URLs :	Publisher
Depositing User :	Symplectic Elements
Date Deposited :	30 Jan 2017 14:19
Last Modified :	19 Jul 2017 09:09
URI:	http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/id/eprint/813396

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